Which Of The Following Characteristics Are Shared By Animals And Fungi? Check All That Apply.

Chapter fifteen: Diverseness of Animals

Features of the Brute Kingdom

Learning Objectives

Past the end of this department, you volition be able to:

• List the features that distinguish the fauna kingdom from other kingdoms
• Explain the processes of animal reproduction and embryonic development
• Describe the hierarchy of basic animal classification
• Compare and dissimilarity the embryonic development of protostomes and deuterostomes

Fifty-fifty though members of the animal kingdom are incredibly diverse, animals share common features that distinguish them from organisms in other kingdoms. All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and near all animals have specialized tissues. Most animals are motile, at to the lowest degree during certain life stages. Animals crave a source of food to grow and develop. All animals are heterotrophic, ingesting living or dead organic thing. This form of obtaining energy distinguishes them from autotrophic organisms, such as near plants, which make their ain nutrients through photosynthesis and from fungi that assimilate their food externally. Animals may be carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites ([Figure 1]). Most animals reproduce sexually: The offspring pass through a series of developmental stages that establish a determined body program, dissimilar plants, for example, in which the exact shape of the body is indeterminate. The body program refers to the shape of an animal.

Figure one: All animals that derive energy from nutrient are heterotrophs. The (a) black carry is an omnivore, eating both plants and animals. The (b) heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is a parasite that derives free energy from its hosts. Information technology spends its larval stage in mosquitos and its adult stage infesting the hearts of dogs and other mammals, as shown here. (credit a: modification of work past USDA Forest Service; credit b: modification of work by Clyde Robinson)

Complex Tissue Construction

A hallmark trait of animals is specialized structures that are differentiated to perform unique functions. As multicellular organisms, near animals develop specialized cells that group together into tissues with specialized functions. A tissue is a collection of similar cells that had a mutual embryonic origin. There are four main types of creature tissues: nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial. Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nervus cells, which transmit nerve impulses. Muscle tissue contracts to cause all types of trunk movement from locomotion of the organism to movements within the body itself. Animals too accept specialized connective tissues that provide many functions, including ship and structural support. Examples of connective tissues include claret and os. Connective tissue is comprised of cells separated by extracellular textile made of organic and inorganic materials, such as the protein and mineral deposits of bone. Epithelial tissue covers the internal and external surfaces of organs within the animate being trunk and the external surface of the trunk of the organism.

View this video to watch a presentation by biologist E.O. Wilson on the importance of animal diverseness.

Fauna Reproduction and Development

Near animals take diploid trunk (somatic) cells and a pocket-sized number of haploid reproductive (gamete) cells produced through meiosis. Some exceptions exist: For example, in bees, wasps, and ants, the male is haploid because it develops from an unfertilized egg. Well-nigh animals undergo sexual reproduction, while many as well have mechanisms of asexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Virtually all animal species are capable of reproducing sexually; for many, this is the just way of reproduction possible. This distinguishes animals from fungi, protists, and leaner, where asexual reproduction is mutual or exclusive. During sexual reproduction, the male and female gametes of a species combine in a process called fertilization. Typically, the small, motile male sperm travels to the much larger, sessile female egg. Sperm course is diverse and includes cells with flagella or amoeboid cells to facilitate motility. Fertilization and fusion of the gamete nuclei produce a zygote. Fertilization may be internal, especially in land animals, or external, as is mutual in many aquatic species.

After fertilization, a developmental sequence ensues as cells split up and differentiate. Many of the events in evolution are shared in groups of related animal species, and these events are one of the main means scientists classify high-level groups of animals. During development, animal cells specialize and grade tissues, determining their time to come morphology and physiology. In many animals, such as mammals, the immature resemble the adult. Other animals, such as some insects and amphibians, undergo complete metamorphosis in which individuals enter one or more than larval stages. For these animals, the young and the adult take different diets and sometimes habitats. In other species, a process of incomplete metamorphosis occurs in which the young somewhat resemble the adults and go through a series of stages separated by molts (shedding of the skin) until they reach the final adult form.

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction, unlike sexual reproduction, produces offspring genetically identical to each other and to the parent. A number of animal species—peculiarly those without backbones, just even some fish, amphibians, and reptiles—are capable of asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, except for occasional identical twinning, is absent in birds and mammals. The most mutual forms of asexual reproduction for stationary aquatic animals include budding and fragmentation, in which part of a parent private can separate and grow into a new private. In dissimilarity, a class of asexual reproduction found in certain invertebrates and rare vertebrates is called parthenogenesis (or "virgin start"), in which unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring.

Nomenclature Features of Animals

Animals are classified co-ordinate to morphological and developmental characteristics, such every bit a body plan. With the exception of sponges, the animal trunk plan is symmetrical. This means that their distribution of body parts is balanced along an centrality. Additional characteristics that contribute to animal classification include the number of tissue layers formed during development, the presence or absenteeism of an internal body cavity, and other features of embryological development.

Art Connection

Figure 2: The phylogenetic tree of animals is based on morphological, fossil, and genetic evidence.

Which of the following statements is false?

1. Eumetazoa accept specialized tissues and Parazoa do not.
2. Both acoelomates and pseudocoelomates have a torso crenel.
3. Chordates are more than closely related to echinoderms than to rotifers according to the effigy.
4. Some animals have radial symmetry, and some animals accept bilateral symmetry.
   [reveal-answer q="124725″]Show Answer[/reveal-respond]
   [hidden-reply a="124725″]2[/hidden-answer]

Body Symmetry

Animals may be asymmetrical, radial, or bilateral in class ([Figure 3]). Asymmetrical animals are animals with no pattern or symmetry; an example of an asymmetrical animal is a sponge ([Effigy 3]a). An organism with radial symmetry ([Figure 3]b) has a longitudinal (up-and-down) orientation: Any airplane cut forth this up–downwards axis produces roughly mirror-paradigm halves. An instance of an organism with radial symmetry is a body of water anemone.

Figure iii: Animals showroom unlike types of trunk symmetry. The (a) sponge is asymmetrical and has no planes of symmetry, the (b) sea anemone has radial symmetry with multiple planes of symmetry, and the (c) caprine animal has bilateral symmetry with one plane of symmetry.

Bilateral symmetry is illustrated in [Figure 3]c using a caprine animal. The goat too has upper and lower sides to information technology, simply they are not symmetrical. A vertical plane cutting from front to back separates the animal into roughly mirror-prototype correct and left sides. Animals with bilateral symmetry too have a "head" and "tail" (anterior versus posterior) and a back and underside (dorsal versus ventral).

Sentry this video to see a quick sketch of the different types of body symmetry.

Layers of Tissues

Virtually brute species undergo a layering of early tissues during embryonic development. These layers are chosen germ layers. Each layer develops into a specific set of tissues and organs. Animals develop either 2 or 3 embryonic germs layers ([Figure iv]). The animals that brandish radial symmetry develop 2 germ layers, an inner layer (endoderm) and an outer layer (ectoderm). These animals are called diploblasts. Animals with bilateral symmetry develop iii germ layers: an inner layer (endoderm), an outer layer (ectoderm), and a centre layer (mesoderm). Animals with iii germ layers are called triploblasts.

Figure iv: During embryogenesis, diploblasts develop 2 embryonic germ layers: an ectoderm and an endoderm. Triploblasts develop a 3rd layer—the mesoderm—betwixt the endoderm and ectoderm.

Presence or Absence of a Coelom

Triploblasts may develop an internal body cavity derived from mesoderm, called a coelom (pr. see-LŌM). This epithelial-lined cavity is a space, usually filled with fluid, which lies betwixt the digestive system and the body wall. It houses organs such as the kidneys and spleen, and contains the circulatory organisation. Triploblasts that do not develop a coelom are called acoelomates, and their mesoderm region is completely filled with tissue, although they accept a gut cavity. Examples of acoelomates include the flatworms. Animals with a truthful coelom are called eucoelomates (or coelomates) ([Figure 5]). A true coelom arises entirely inside the mesoderm germ layer. Animals such equally earthworms, snails, insects, starfish, and vertebrates are all eucoelomates. A 3rd group of triploblasts has a trunk cavity that is derived partly from mesoderm and partly from endoderm tissue. These animals are called pseudocoelomates. Roundworms are examples of pseudocoelomates. New data on the relationships of pseudocoelomates suggest that these phyla are not closely related and then the evolution of the pseudocoelom must have occurred more than than once ([Figure ii]). True coelomates tin be further characterized based on features of their early embryological evolution.

Figure 5: Triploblasts may be acoelomates, eucoelomates, or pseudocoelomates. Eucoelomates have a body cavity within the mesoderm, called a coelom, which is lined with mesoderm tissue. Pseudocoelomates have a similar body cavity, only information technology is lined with mesoderm and endoderm tissue. (credit a: modification of piece of work by Jan Derk; credit b: modification of work past NOAA; credit c: modification of work by USDA, ARS

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates can be divided into two groups based on differences in their early embryonic development. Protostomes include phyla such every bit arthropods, mollusks, and annelids. Deuterostomes include the chordates and echinoderms. These 2 groups are named from which opening of the digestive cavity develops commencement: mouth or anus. The word protostome comes from Greek words meaning "mouth outset," and deuterostome originates from words significant "mouth 2nd" (in this case, the anus develops showtime). This deviation reflects the fate of a construction chosen the blastopore ([Figure 6]), which becomes the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes. Other developmental characteristics differ betwixt protostomes and deuterostomes, including the mode of formation of the coelom and the early on cell division of the embryo.

Figure 6: Eucoelomates can exist divided into ii groups, protostomes and deuterostomes, based on their early embryonic development. Ii of these differences include the origin of the oral cavity opening and the manner in which the coelom is formed.

Section Summary

Animals constitute a diverse kingdom of organisms. Although animals range in complication from simple sea sponges to human beings, most members share certain features. Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest their food and usually develop into motile creatures with a fixed body plan. Most members of the animal kingdom accept differentiated tissues of 4 main classes—nervous, muscular, connective, and epithelial—that are specialized to perform dissimilar functions. Near animals reproduce sexually, leading to a developmental sequence that is relatively similar across the animal kingdom.

Organisms in the creature kingdom are classified based on their body morphology and development. Truthful animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral symmetry. Animals with three germ layers, called triploblasts, are further characterized by the presence or absenteeism of an internal body cavity called a coelom. Animals with a torso cavity may exist either coelomates or pseudocoelomates, depending on which tissue gives rise to the coelom. Coelomates are further divided into two groups called protostomes and deuterostomes, based on a number of developmental characteristics.

Review Questions

Which of the following is non a feature common to well-nigh animals?

1. development into a stock-still torso programme
2. asexual reproduction
3. specialized tissues
4. heterotrophic nutrient sourcing

[reveal-answer q="796334″]Evidence Reply[/reveal-reply]
[hidden-respond a="796334″]2[/hidden-reply]

Which of the following does not occur?

1. radially symmetrical diploblast
2. diploblastic eucoelomate
3. protostomic coelomate
4. bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome

[reveal-reply q="741875″]Testify Reply[/reveal-answer]
[subconscious-answer a="741875″]two[/hidden-answer]

Complimentary Response

How are specialized tissues of import for animal function and complexity?

Specialized tissues let more efficient performance because differentiated tissue types can perform unique functions and work together in tandem to allow the brute to perform more functions. For example, specialized musculus tissue allows directed and efficient movement, and specialized nervous tissue allows for multiple sensory modalities too every bit the power to respond to diverse sensory information; these functions are not necessarily available to other not-animate being organisms.

Using the following terms, explicate what classifications and groups humans fall into, from the nearly general to the most specific: symmetry, germ layers, coelom, embryological development.

Humans have body plans that are bilaterally symmetrical and are characterized by the development of three germ layers, making them triploblasts. Humans have true coeloms, and are thus eucoelomates. Humans are deuterostomes.

Glossary

acoelomate

without a body cavity

asymmetrical

having no plane of symmetry

bilateral symmetry

a type of symmetry in which there is only one plane of symmetry that creates two mirror-image sides

body plan

the shape and symmetry of an organism

coelom

a lined body crenel derived from mesodermal embryonic tissue

deuterostome

describing an animal in which the blastopore develops into the anus, with the second opening developing into the rima oris

diploblast

an fauna that develops from two embryonic germ layers

eucoelomate

describing animals with a body crenel completely lined with mesodermal tissue

germ layer

a collection of cells formed during embryogenesis that will requite rise to future trunk tissues

protostome

describing an creature in which the oral cavity develops first during embryogenesis and a second opening developing into the anus

pseudocoelomate

an animal with a coelom that is not completely lined with tissues derived from the mesoderm as in eucoelomate animals

radial symmetry

a type of symmetry with multiple planes of symmetry all cross at an axis through the center of the organism

triploblast

an animal that develops from iii germ layers

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/conceptsofbiologyopenstax/chapter/features-of-the-animal-kingdom/

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